It's common for owners of small and start-up businesses to look to relatives and friends for support when they need additional business funding.
This can work well, but often these arrangements are informal and based purely on trust and verbal assurances.
This guide explains the benefits of borrowing and investment from friends and family and how to avoid misunderstandings by setting up a formal finance deal that is legally binding. It also outlines the tax implications of loans for you and the lender.

Loan or investment?
Before you approach a friend or relative for funds to support your business, be clear about what your requirements are.
Loan
If your business needs immediate and relatively short-term funds, a loan may be most appropriate. Decide whether you can afford to pay interest, or whether you are seeking an interest-free loan. If you do pay interest there will be tax implications for both you and the lender - see the page in this guide on tax and finance from friends and family.
Investment
If the business needs longer term or permanent funding, you may want to consider giving your investor a share in the business.
If you choose this option, think about whether you need an active partner or shareholder. If you are just looking for a passive partner who will have no involvement in the business, make this clear. As a rule of thumb, retaining at least 70 per cent of the shares issued should ensure you keep control.
Explain to your investors that the money they invest is risk capital - they may not get it back. However, if your business goes well, they might look for returns that will reflect the risk, ie greater than they would receive if they placed their money in a bank, for example.
Manage expectations
Remember that whether they make a loan to your business or take a share in it, the investor should not lend or invest more than they can afford to lose.
Ask the friend or relative to set out their expectations clearly and plan how you will manage those expectations. This can help create a win-win situation for you and for your investor.

For more specific financial advice on your particular situation, talk to your accountant.

Benefits and pitfalls of friends and family finance
There are clear benefits to approaching family or friends for a loan or investment rather than conventional sources. Generally, they will be flexible. On a practical level, they may offer loans without security or accept lower security than banks. They may also lend funds interest-free or at a low rate.
For both loans and investments, friends and family may allow you a longer period than formal lenders to repay the loan or start making returns on their investment. They may also seek a lower rate of initial return than commercial backers.
On a personal level, they already know your character and circumstances and so are less likely to need a detailed business plan.
However, transactions of this nature can be complex. Any misunderstandings about the terms of the arrangement can damage relationships. There is a risk that your investors may offer you more than they can afford to lose, or that they will demand their money back at a time which suits them but not your business. They may also want to get involved in running the business, which may not be appropriate.
It's a good idea to approach borrowing or investment from friends and family in the same way you would a formal lender:

	Be crystal clear about your own expectations - make sure that you communicate how long you need the money for.
	For loans, be clear about the repayment level you can afford.
	For investments, be definite about how much of the shares or profit the investor will receive - and when any returns will be paid.
	Clarify whether an investor will have any financial liabilities for your business activity.
	Don't rely on a verbal agreement - draw up a formal written agreement. See the page in this guide on setting up a loan or investment with friends or family.
	Think twice about approaching a friend or family member for a loan or investment if other sources of finance have turned you down. You may need to analyse the reasons for this and review your business proposition. Remember that if your business fails, lenders and investors may lose their money.
	Pass on the reasons that other prospective sources of finance gave for turning you down.

Setting up a loan or investment with friends or family
If you decide to accept a loan or investment from friends or family it is best practice to approach it as if it were a formal finance deal.
This will involve:

	presenting your business plan
	preparing a business case
	taking professional advice
	having a formal, written agreement

Before approaching a friend or family member you should create or revise your business plan so that you can show them the new plan for your business and their investment in it. Make your proposal with the same considerations as you would for approaching a bank manager. The friend or relative will need to know how their money will be put to use and what the bigger picture for your business is. Make them aware of all risks and worst-case scenarios.
You need to make a business case to a prospective lender or investor that will persuade them to finance your business instead of their own personal plans.

Sources of help
It is sensible for both you and your lender or investor to get professional advice if the amounts involved are substantial. This will help you both to consider factors objectively, without feeling under pressure and to reach a decision that you feel comfortable with and can rationalise.

If both parties agree to proceed, always formalise the arrangement with a written agreement. This will help you to prevent future misunderstandings and provide a solid basis for the business relationship. For loans, the agreement should cover the size and terms, the repayment plan and interest rates. Investment agreements are more complex and should include the amount invested, the allocation of profits and shares, roles and responsibilities of both parties and a repayment schedule. You should seek professional advice.

Legal agreements
If you decide to finance your business from a friend or family member's investment, you can prevent misunderstandings by having a formal agreement in place. The agreement should be witnessed by an independent person.
Key elements to include in a written agreement are:
 

	the nature and timing of return on the money - such as how much a loan is for and whether an investor is to receive profits or a share in the business
	a repayment schedule or timed plan of dividend payments - include dates, amounts and interest on loans if applicable
	respective responsibilities - for an investor this should state whether they are to have a role or any liabilities in the business
	how problems will be resolved

This will ensure both parties are clear about the terms on which the money will be transferred.
You should both consider getting legal advice if the loan amounts involved are substantial for either of you.
For loans, you can reduce the cost of legal advice by preparing a draft agreement to discuss with your legal adviser. Some websites will prepare a draft promissory note - a legal document that is less formal than a full loan agreement, but which still sets out all the relevant details clearly. For example, you can read a sample promissory note on the LawDepot website
For more complex investment agreements, both parties should decide the role and responsibilities of the investor and what their rewards - such as shares or dividends - will be prior to asking a professional to draft a full agreement.

Tax and finance from friends and family
Some loans are interest-bearing while some are interest-free.
Interest-bearing loans - even those with low rates - have tax implications for you and the lender:

	you may deduct interest on a loan for business purposes in calculating your profit
	the lender must declare interest received as taxable income

Of course if the loan is interest-free, there are no tax implications for either borrower or lender.
It is good practice to set out the loan's interest and repayment terms in a written agreement - see the page in this guide on setting up a loan or investment with friends or family. Both sides should keep records of all repayments.
If you have sold shares in your business to a friend or a family member and you make dividend payments to them, keep full records. You may not deduct such payments from your business' taxable profits, but the recipient must declare them as taxable income in the year they receive the money.

You can contact your tax accountant or the local tax office for advice on the tax implications of financing from friends and relatives.